Unit 1: Basics of Microprocessor

 What is Microprocessors?

Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.

A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called microcomputer.

It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provides results as output.

1.1 Evolution of Microprocessor and its types. 

We can categorize the microprocessor according to the generations or according to the size of the microprocessor:

Table: Important Intel Microprocessors

First Generation (4 - bit Microprocessors)

The first generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1971-1972 by Intel Corporation. It was named Intel 4004 since it was a 4-bit processor.

It was a processor on a single chip. It could perform simple arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, Boolean OR and Boolean AND.

I had a control unit capable of performing control functions like fetching an instruction from storage memory, decoding it, and then generating control pulses to execute it.

Second Generation (8 - bit Microprocessor)

The second generation microprocessors were introduced in 1973 again by Intel. It was a first 8 - bit microprocessor which could perform arithmetic and logic operations on 8-bit words. It was Intel 8008, and another improved version was Intel 8088.

Third Generation (16 - bit Microprocessor)

The third generation microprocessors, introduced in 1978 were represented by Intel's 8086, Zilog Z800 and 80286, which were 16 - bit processors with a performance like minicomputers.

Fourth Generation (32 - bit Microprocessors)

Several different companies introduced the 32-bit microprocessors, but the most popular one is the Intel 80386.

Fifth Generation (64 - bit Microprocessors)

From 1995 to now we are in the fifth generation. After 80856, Intel came out with a new processor namely Pentium processor followed by Pentium Pro CPU, which allows multiple CPUs in a single system to achieve multiprocessing.

Other improved 64-bit processors are Celeron, Dual, Quad, Octa Core processors.

Types Of Microprocessors

4-bit Microprocessor

The INTEL 4004/4040 was invented in the year 1971 by Stanley Mazor & Ted Hoff. The clock speed of this microprocessor is 740 KHz. The number of transistors used in this microprocessor is 2,300 and instruction per second is 60K. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 16.

8-bit Microprocessor

• The 8008 processor was invented in the year 1972. The clock speed of this microprocessor is 500 KHz and instruction per second is 50K
• The 8080 microprocessor was invented in the year 1974. The clock speed is 2 MHz. The number of transistors used is 60k and instruction per second is 10 times quicker as compared with 8008 processor.
• The 8085 microprocessor was invented in the year 1976. The clock speed is 3 MHz. The number of transistors used is 6,500 and instruction per second is 769230. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 40

16-bit Microprocessor

• The 8086 microprocessor was invented in the year 1978. The clock speed is 4.77, 8 & 10 MHz. The number of transistors used is 29000 and instruction per second is 2.5 Million. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 40
• The 8088 microprocessor was invented in the year 1979 and instruction per second is 2.5 Million
• The microprocessors like 80186 or 80188 were invented in the year 1982. The clock speed is 6 MHz
• The 80286 microprocessor was invented in the year 1982. The clock speed is 8 MHz. The number of transistors used is 134000 and instruction per second is 4 Million. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 68

32-bit Microprocessor

• The Intel 80386 microprocessor was invented in the year 1986. The clock speed is 16 MHz to 33 MHz. The number of transistors used is 275000. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 132 14X14 PGA
• The Intel 80486 microprocessor was invented in the year1986. The clock speed is 16MHz to 100 MHz. The number of transistors used is 1.2 Million transistors and instruction per second is 8 KB of cache memory. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 168 17X17 PGA (Pin Grid Array)
• The PENTIUM microprocessor was invented in the year 1993. The clock speed is 66 MHz and instruction per second is Cache memory 8-bit for instructions 8- bit for data. The number of pins of this microprocessor is 237 PGA

64-bit Microprocessor

• The INTEL core 2 microprocessor was invented in the year 2006. The clock speed is 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz. The number of transistors used is 291 Million and instruction per second is 64 KB of L1 cache for each core 4 MB of L2 cache.
• The i3, i5, i7 microprocessors were invented in the years 2007, 2009, 2010 2. The clock speed is 2GHz to 3.3GHz, 2.4GHz to 3.6GHz & 2.93GHz to t 3.33GHz.

Evolution of Microprocessor in Different Applications

The following gadgets were implemented by using different microprocessors. So the evolution of microprocessor in different applications is discussed below.

Business Calculator

In the year 1971, a business calculator like Unicom 141P was invented. It was out of the leading gadgets that include a microprocessor.

Commodore PET

In the year 1971, this PET was implemented & is mostly recognized as the main all-in-one home computer.

Washing Machine

In 1977, the washing machines were launched which were controlled through leading microchips.

Arcade Mania

In the year 1980, the Arcade Maina was launched. Namco established Pac-Man within the pathway of the United States & ignited a novel trend.

Osborne 1 Laptop

In 1981, Osborne 1 Laptop was launched using five screens with 10.7kgs of weight. For most modern laptops, it is a great grand-father.

Nintendo NES

In 1986, the consoles refreshed the gaming business like Nintendo Entertainment System.

Computing Democratized

In the year 1991, the invention of Personal, as well as business computing, blasted through a wide variety of desktops laptops & tabs.

MP3 Player

In 1997, a music player was launched to enjoy music in a modern way

BlackBerry

The Smartphone insurgence boosted with the launch of RIM’s Blackberry 850. The 1st BB was accessible in the year 1999.

Apple iPod

In the year 2001, the first iPod was launched which gave the prospect of MP3 music set-up a new range of set tunes.

Microsoft Windows Tablet

In the year 2002, Microsoft Windows Tablet was implemented, businesses were using these tabs for more helpful works.

Netbook

In the year 2008, Netbooks were launched because of small as well as a light-weighted device for carrying out simple jobs, enjoying media & internet content.

Apple iPod

In 2010, Tabs hit the client’s main-stream through the release of the iPod.

Digital Signage

In the year 2011, Digital Signage was invented which was the first of the enormous new usages of the microprocessor. Academic, internet-connected devices were established in the everyday life from commerce & retail to farming as well as automobiles.

Ultrabook

In the year 2011, Ultrabook was implemented. The development of the PC takes an extra gigantic step like fashionable Ultrabook devices with high-performance computing experience.

Types of Microprocessor

Microprocessors are classified into five types, namely: CISC-Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors, RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor, ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Superscalar Processors, DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors.

Different Types of Microprocessor

Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors

The short term of Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors is CISM and they classify a microprocessor in which orders can be performed together along with other low-level activities. These types of processors perform different tasks like downloading, uploading, recalling data into the memory card, and recalling data from the memory card. Apart from these tasks, it also does complex mathematical calculations in a single command.

Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor

The short term of Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor is RISC. These types of processors are made according to the function in which the microprocessor can carry out small things in specific commands. In this way, these processors complete more commands at a faster rate.

Superscalar Microprocessors

Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various tasks at a time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers. They have different operational units and these processors can carry out more than one command by continuously transmitting several instructions to the extra operational units inside the processor.

The Application Specific Integrated Circuit

The short term of Application Specific Integrated Circuit processor is an ASIC. These processors are used for particular purposes that include automotive emissions control or personal digital assistant’s computer. This type of processor is made with the proper specification, but apart from these, it can also be made with off the shelf gears.

Digital Signal Multiprocessors

Digital signal processors are also called DSP’s, these processors are used to encode and decode the videos or to convert the D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog to digital). They need a microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical calculations. The chips of this processor are employed in RADAR, home theaters, SONAR, audio gears, TV set-top boxes, and Mobile phones

There are many companies like Intel, Motorola, DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation ), TI (Texas Instruments) associated with many microprocessors such as 8085 microprocessors, ASIC, CISM, RISC, DSPs and 8086 microprocessors like Intel

Features

The main features of a microprocessor include the following.

Portable

Microprocessors are portable because of the size as well as less power consumption.

Low Cost

Microprocessors are available at less cost due to IC technology. So this technology will diminish the price of a computer system.

Versatile

A microprocessor is versatile so it can be used for different applications

Reliable

Microprocessors are reliable, so the rate of failure is less because of the semiconductor technology.

Small Size

The fabrication of microprocessors can be done in very less space because of the technologies used like VLSI & ULSI. So the computer system size will be reduced.

High Speed

Microprocessors perform very fast because of the technology used so it executes a number of instructions for each second.

Low Power Consumption

Microprocessors use low power because of the MOS technology

Low Heat Generation

Microprocessors cannot generate huge heat as compared with vacuum tube devices because it uses semiconductor technology.

Basic Terms

The basic terms mainly used in microprocessors are discussed below.

Instruction Set

The instruction set can be defined as the set of commands understood by the microprocessor. It is an edge between software as well as hardware.

Bus

The conductors which are used to transmit data, address otherwise control information for dissimilar elements within a microprocessor. It includes three types of buses namely data bus, control, and address bus

IPC

The IPC stands for Instructions per Cycle. It is a calculation of how many commands a CPU can execute within a single clock.

Clock Speed

When the no. of operations for each second can be performed by the processor is known as clock speed. The CLK speed can be expressed in MHz (megahertz) otherwise GHz (gigahertz). An alternate name for this is the Clock Rate.

Bandwidth

The short term of the Bandwidth is BW and it can be defined as the no. of bits that can be processed within a single instruction.

Word Length

The word length is nothing but, when the no. of bits can be processed by the processor at a time. For instance, the 8-bit microprocessor is used to process 8-bit data at a time. The range of word length of a processor ranges from 4 – 64 bits based on the sort of the microcomputer.

Data Types

The microprocessor mainly supports several data type designs such as ASCII, binary, signed as well as unsigned numbers.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Microprocessors

The advantages of microprocessors are

• The processing speed is high
• Intelligence has been brought to systems
• Flexible.
• Compact size.
• Easy maintenance
• Complex mathematics

Some of the disadvantages of the microprocessor are it might get overheated and the limitation of the microprocessor imposes on the size of data.

The applications of the microprocessors mainly involve controllers in home appliances, wireless communication equipment, office publication and automation, consumer electronic goods, calculators, accounting system, video games, industrial controllers, and data acquisition systems

Thus, this is all about the types and evolution of microprocessor. The availability of a microprocessor with low power, low cost, small weight, and computing capability makes it useful in various applications. In the present day, microprocessor-based systems are used in the automatic testing product, traffic signal control systems, instructions,  speed control of motors, etc. Furthermore, any doubts regarding this evolution of microprocessor articles or electronic and electrical projects, please give your comments in the comment section box.

Source: www.elprocus.com

Next : 1.2 Microprocessor and Microcomputers.